Dr. Knight's preferred method, also found at the end of your syllabus
CITATIONS AND REFERENCES - The Science Way
(adapted and condensed from the Council of Science Editors (CSE) Style Manual, 8th ed.)
In-Text Citations
These could be direct citations:
Stewart and Manners (2020) think shaking hands will be a greeting of the past only.
or indirect citations:
Will shaking hands be gone forever? Some experts think so (Stewart and Manners 2020).
General Rules:
1. Cite your source for specific details, examples, etc. and for any direct quotes (though direct quotes are
seldom used in science papers.
2. General format: (author year)
a. No author? Use the first word or two of the organization, or if none, the actual title,
followed by an ellipsis (3 dots), just enough to distinguish from other sources.
Coral bleaching occurred on 93% of the Great Barrier Reef (Ocean Conservancy 2017).
The Forest Dragons have been drawing small crowds to the Coliseum (Forest Dragons…1999)
b. If two (or more) articles by the same author in the same year, use a and b after the year in
the text and reference listing at the end, to keep them distinct.
Last year's movies are back again for the Oscars (Mahar 2004b).
c. Online source? Use (author, year the site was last updated), or if no author, use
(organization/title, year updated)
Methyl chloroform levels have declined in the stratosphere (EPA 2010).
When was the site last updated? If not given at the bottom, navigate back to the HomePage
to find it
d. Multiple authors? If two (2), cite both names. If more, use "et al" after the first author.
Beijing has had the worst air pollution in the last decade (Talbot et al 2016)
e. Personal interview (or communication). Format: Person (year date, position, city. Personal
communication).
According to DW Anderson (2017 Oct 28, Architect, Knob Hill Designers, Beaverton, OR.
Personal communication), the tall sculpture was an appropriate entrance to the Silicon Forest.
Note: These go in your text only, not in the reference listing at the end.
References (or Bibliography)
This should appear at the end of your paper, and should be a complete listing of every source cited in your text (except Personal communications).
A. General formats:
1. Journal or magazine articles: Author(s). Year. Title. Source. Volume:Pages.
Stewart M, Manners M. 2020. Shaking hands is gone. What's next? Atlantic 39:12-13.
2. Books: Author(s). Year. Title. Edition. City published: Publisher.
Brown LR. 2007. Tough choices: facing the challenges of food scarcity. 2nd ed. Washington
D.C.: Worldwatch Institute
3. Article within a book: Author(s). Year. Title. Pages in book editor. Title. City published: Publisher.
Wilson EO. 2003. What is nature worth? Pages 121-130 in Allen JL ed. Annual editions:
environment 03/04. Guilford, CT: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin.
4. Newspaper articles: Author(s). Year date. Title. Newspaper; Section: beginning page.
Eggers K, Jaynes D. 1998 Mar 29. Trailblazers have a decent season after all.
Oregonian; Sect. E:2..
5. Online source: Author(s). Year date last updated. Title. [date you accessed it]; web address.
Papadopoulos G. 2015 Mar 15. Aquaculture in Greece expands rapidly. [accessed 2019
July 21]; www.grfishaq.
6. Class notes: Instructor. Year. Topic. Class. School. Location.
Broshot N. 2018. Water pollution. ENVS201 class notes. Linfield College. McMinnville, OR.
B. Multiple authors? List them all, in the same order they appear in the source.
Talbot GM, Svoboda P, Payne SW, Enfield KS. 2002. Beijing: air pollution nightmare.
Env Sci Toxic 17: 433-440.
One exception: If more than 10 authors, list the first 10, then add "et al"
Also note the abbreviated journal title, with no periods
C. No authors? Start with the organization, or if none, the actual title
Forest Dragons vie for recognition in Portland. 1999 May 28. Oregonian. Sect. F:3.
[EPA] Environmental Protection Agency (US). 2010. Methyl chloroform. [accessed 2020
Feb 15]; http://epa.gov/ozonedepl/methylchloroform
Note: when the organization is a national one, follow with the country in parentheses
D. Same author with two or more articles in the same year? Use, a, b, c, etc. after the year, to correspond
with your in-text citations
Mahar T. 2002a. Apr 1. Oscars yield few surprises. Oregonian; Sect. D:1.
Mahar T. 2002b Apr 4. Oscar winner movies see attendance rise. Oregonian; Sect. D:5.
E. Got all that? OK, let's put it all together:
References
Brown LR. 2007. Tough choices: facing the challenges of food scarcity. 2nd ed. Washington,
D.C.: Worldwatch Institute.
Eggers K, Jaynes D. 1998 Mar 29. Trailblazers have a decent season after all. Oregonian;
Sect. E:2.
[EPA] Environmental Protection Agency (US). 2010. Methyl chloroform. [accessed 2020
Feb 15]; http://epa.gov/ozonedepl/methylchloroform.
Forest Dragons vie for recognition in Portland. 1999 May 28. Oregonian; Sect. F:3.
Mahar T. 2002a Apr 1. Oscars yield few surprises. Oregonian; Sect. D:1.
Mahar T. 2002b Apr 4. Oscar winner movies see attendance rise. Oregonian; Sect. D:5.
Papadopoulos G. 2015 Mar 15. Aquaculture in Greece expands rapidly. [accessed 2019
July 21]; www.grfishaq.
Stewart M, Manners M. 2020. Shaking hands is gone. What's next? Atlantic 39:12-13.
Talbot GM, Svoboda P, Payne SW, Enfield KS. 2016. Beijing: air pollution nightmare.
Env Sci Toxic 17:433-440.
Wilson EO. 2003. What is nature worth? Pages 121-130 in Allen JL, ed. Annual editions:
environment 03/04. Guilford, CT: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin.
Notice the overall list is alphabetized, by the first letter of each listing.
F. Now that you have all the "Do's", just a few brief "Don'ts":
1. Don't use footnotes in your text for sources.
2. Don't cite more than (author, year) in your text (except Personal communications).
3. Don't include complete references at the end for sources you did not cite in your text.
4. Don't cite sources in your text without giving the complete listing at the end (again, except for
Personal communications).
Note: The italics used above are just for clarity - they're not needed in your papers.